The efficiency of photosynthesis is determined not only by the presence of photosynthetic pigments and environmental factors, but by how they interact to regulate light absorption and carbon fixation. Understanding this interplay is critical to analyzing how plants optimize energy…
Photosystems and the Electron Transport Chain in Photosynthesis The photosystems and electron transport chain form the foundation of light-dependent reactions in photosynthesis. Located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts, these protein-pigment complexes work together to convert light energy into chemical…
The Biochemistry of the Calvin Cycle: Enzymes, Regulation, and Energy Balance The biochemistry of the calvin cycle lies at the heart of autotrophic life. Far beyond the simplified “dark reaction,” the Calvin cycle is a complex, tightly regulated biochemical process…
